LDS fiction (or Mormon fiction) is a growing niche market of fiction novels featuring themes related to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS Church, see also "Mormon"). Much of the recent rise in the number of titles and the improvement in the quality of LDS fiction is often attributed to Gerald Lund's popular LDS historical fiction series the Work and the Glory. LDS fiction now accounts for more than half the sales of some Latter-day Saint book publishers. Growth in LDS fiction sales show no sign of slowing in spite of critics.

History of LDS fiction

Despite its relatively low profile, LDS literature has a long history that begins at the same time the LDS Church began, with the publication of a book, The Book of Mormon. The history of this literature is generally divided into four periods.

Foundations (1830-1880)

While early written works among Mormons were generally non-fiction, including scripture, missionary tracts, and doctrinal literature, this period did see creative efforts also, especially poetry, which was often used in hymns. Notable poetry includes the works of Eliza R. Snow, Parley P. Pratt, and W. W. Phelps, along with the published volume of poetry by John Lyon, The Harp of Zion: A Collection of Poems, Etc. (1853).

This period also produced the first work of LDS fiction, Parley P. Pratt's inventive Dialogue between Joseph Smith and the Devil, first published in the New York Herald in 1844.

Home Literature, 1880–1930

Fiction among LDS Church members first developed in earnest once the Mormons had settled in Utah and developed a degree of prosperity. By the 1880s, Orson F. Whitney was calling for a fine and virtuous "home literature," and proceeded to participate in developing just such a literature. While LDS periodicals were filled with moralistic and faith-promoting stories, poets Josephine Spencer and Augusta Joyce Crocheron published didactic and narrative poems, Charles Walker recited his Southern Utah folk poetry, and Whitney published hymns, lyric poetry, and a book-length poem, Elias, an Epic of the Ages (1904).

Novels were not far behind. Brigham Young's daughter, Susa Young Gates published a fairly successful novel, John Stevens' Courtship (1909), and B. H. Roberts wrote a novel, Corianton that was turned into a play performed on Broadway in New York.

This period also produced what may have been the single most successful work of LDS fiction to date, the novel Added Upon by Nephi Anderson. Following a man and woman from their pre-earth life, through life on the earth and into the afterlife, Added Upon also served as a model plot for later LDS fictional works, such as the 1970's play Saturday's Warrior.

The literary development in this period then stimulated the development of the first professional LDS publishing company independent of the Church, George Q. Cannon and Sons, now part of Church-owned Deseret Book.

The "Lost" Generation, 1930–70

While this "home literature" has continued to be produced ever since, a new generation of LDS writers arose in the mid century, one that was able to be published nationally and gain national recognition -- but generally at the expense of close ties to the Church and in rebellion against the provinciality and moralism of "home literature," leading this generation to be called the "lost" generation.

The "lost"

This period is also known for the humorous writing of Samuel W. Taylor (Heaven Knows Why, 1948) who is nationally known for the short story on which the film The Absent Minded Professor was based.

Faithful Realism, After 1960

Another shift in LDS fiction occurred in the 1960s, mainly spearheaded by the poet Clinton F. Larson. Larson managed to depart both from the didactic and inward-looking provinciality of the first two periods and the elitist, patronizing provinciality of his contemporaries in the "lost generation." He began in the 1950s to write a unique Mormon poetry of modernist sensibility and skill but also informed and passionate faith.

In fiction, Larson's sensibilities were followed by BYU professors Douglas Thayer and Donald R. Marshall, who began to write skillful stories that explored Mormon thought and culture in a critical but fundamentally affirmative way. Marshall was the first to publish collections, The Rummage Sale: Collections and Recollections (1972) and Frost in the Orchard (1977), while Thayer began publishing stories in Brigham Young University Studies and Dialogue in the mid-1960s, and published his collection of short stories, Under the Cottonwoods, in 1977.

Perhaps the most important work to date from this period is Levi S. Peterson's redemptive novel, considered by some the best yet by a Mormon, The Backslider (1986). All of Peterson's work explores in some form the conflicts in Mormon experience and popular thought between the Old Testament Jehovah of rewards and punishments and the New Testament Christ of unconditional acceptance and redemptive love.

The development of this new movement was aided by the development of the first academic and literary periodicals, including BYU Studies (1959) and Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought (1966)

This period also saw the development of popular LDS fiction, starting as early as the late 1970s, when the leading LDS publisher, Church-owned Deseret Book, began publishing fiction, in response to the success of self-published and small-press fiction and the development of independent LDS bookstores. Authors in this wave of popular fiction, including Shirley Sealy, Susan Evans McCloud, Jack Weyland, Brenton G. Yorgason and Blaine M. Yorgason, and Carol Hoefling Morris, produce new "home literature," following the example set by authors nearly a century earlier.

Current Trends

While current efforts may not mark a new period of LDS literature, an increasing number of LDS writers are publishing nationally from a Mormon perspective, either becoming a new "lost" generation that is estranged from the Church and popular culture (writers such as Judith Freeman, Walter Kirn and Linda Sillitoe) or continuing the traditions of the faithful realist movement (including writers like Neal Chandler, Phyllis Barber and Margaret Young).

Popular LDS fiction has also seen significant increases, especially after the 1990 publication of the first volume of Gerald Lund's wildly successful Work and the Glory historical fiction series. Additional LDS historical fiction series were written, but new trends and sub-genres have also emerged. Chris Heimerdinger produced a popular youth series, Tennis Shoes Among the Nephites set in the world of the Book of Mormon. LDS-oriented humor, such as Robison Wells' Wake Me When It's Over and Robert Farrell Smith's Baptists At Our Barbeque, thrives as it gives church members an opportunity to laugh at themselves. Romance novels from writers like Rachel Ann Nunes and Anita Stansfield have been very popular, and mysteries, westerns and even science fiction now complement novels like Lund's. Newer LDS fiction tends to be lighter and less likely to contain

Recently, LDS fiction has cross-pollinated into another new LDS cultural trend, Mormon cinema. Charly, released in 2002, is based on a novel by LDS fiction author Jack Weyland. Gerald Lund's Work and the Glory was adapted to a movie and released in 2005.

Another recent trend is toward popular authors who can write non-LDS fiction that sells well nationally, and whose commitment to religion leads them to write openly Mormon works. Authors such as Dean Hughes and Anne Perry have been very successful nationally and internationally, but have then been persuaded by the growth of LDS fiction to write Mormon works.

Perhaps the most prolific and innovative among these (certainly the most widely read and honored) is Orson Scott Card, who began as a Mormon playwright in the 1970s but then wrote traditional science fiction without Mormon reference and reached the very top of his field with Hugo and Nebula Awards two years running in 1986 and 1987. However he turned back to openly Mormon works, beginning with A Woman of Destiny (1984) and continuing with a fantasy series, The Tales of Alvin Maker based on the life of Joseph Smith; straightforward Mormon science fiction stories in The Folk of the Fringe (1989); a science fiction series, Homecoming, based on the Book of Mormon; and a novel of contemporary Mormon domestic (and spiritual) realism, Lost Boys (1992). Card is also the first of the most recent generation of LDS writers to have a book written about his work, Michael R. Collings's In the Image of God: Theme, Characterization, and Landscape in the Fiction of Orson Scott Card (1990).

Controversies about LDS fiction

In 2002 The Last Promise, a novel by LDS fiction writer Richard Paul Evans, was rejected by an LDS Church-owned publisher, Deseret Book. The publisher explained that extramarital affection in the book (cuddling on the banks of a river) implied adultery. Evans denied this and it was published instead by Dutton, a New York publisher. Lampooned by some non-Mormons who supposed that the rejection reflected excessive church puritanism, it shows how seriously LDS book publishers take their self-imposed mission to print "uplifting" narratives.

This brings up more lingering criticisms of LDS fiction: that real life cannot realistically be portrayed without straying into gritty details that often aren't uplifting or necessarily flattering to the LDS Church. Some critics doubt that LDS fiction can adequately tackle prominent modern issues like drug abuse, depression, sexual abuse, or human failings in local LDS Church leaders.

Some Latter-day Saints criticize LDS fiction for an entirely different reason: that it distracts from more serious religious study. For example, some have decried the Work and the Glory series, which features many prominent figures in LDS history, as displacing the primary texts of these historical figures. Proponents of LDS fiction deny this and instead argue that expressions of the Mormon culture strengthen Latter-day Saint ties to the church and therefore promote active faith.

Notable LDS fiction writers

• Jerry Borrowman is well-known for his war biographies but has recently started a fictional series Til the Boys Come Home and I'll Be Seeing You about two boys from Pocatello, Idaho growing up during World War One.

• Liz Adair is a relatively new LDS fiction writer whose Spider Latham mysteries are set in a fictionalized version of Panaca, Nevada.

• Orson Scott Card, the popular mainstream science fiction author of the Ender's Game series, is sometimes called an LDS fiction writer. Card wrote the Women of Genesis series, based on Old Testament characters. These books, not uniquely Mormon are also popular in the Jewish community. Another Book, Saints deals with Mormon pioneers. Additionally, Card's Homecoming Saga series of books is patterned on the Book of Mormon.

• Richard Paul Evans, an author most famous for his story The Christmas Box which has crossover appeal, also wrote a book The Last Promise which was rejected by Deseret Book for possibly questionable content.

• Betsy Brannon Green writes mystery and love stories set in a fictional Georgia community.

• Chris Heimerdinger has authored over a dozen books, most of which are considered young adult novels. The most successful of these are the Tennis Shoes Among the Nephites series where youth are transported back to the times of the Nephites, an ancient American Hebrew civilization according to the Book of Mormon. The original Tennis Shoes Among the Nephites was published in 1989, and nearly one million Heimerdinger titles have been sold through 2004. One of his stories, Passage to Zarahemla, may soon be made into a movie.

• Dean Hughes is a BYU professor and author of nearly one hundred LDS and national-audience books. In 1979 he published possibly the first LDS novel, Under the Same Stars. Hughs is noted for LDS historical fiction. His Children of Promise and Hearts of the Children series take place during World War II and the 1960s forward, respectively.

• Sharon Downing Jarvis is a LDS fiction writer whose current project, the Fairhaven Chronicles series set in Alabama, is a conscious effort to replicate Jan Karon's popular Mitford series in Mormon terms.

• Gerald Lund, author of the nine-book Work and the Glory series, is the most prominent LDS fiction author. Since his first book in 1990, over two million copies from the series have been sold. The lengthy historical fiction narratives about a family struggling through early anti-Mormon persecution sell especially well as books on tape. The first book in the series has been made into a movie, released in 2005. It was the most anticipated and expensive Mormon cinema film to date, with a budget of over $7.4 million.

• Chris Stewart is an ex-Air Force pilot and best-selling author of military thrillers who has begun a series called "The Great and the Terrible." The books (three released as of December 2005) describe conflicts of good vs. evil framed in Mormon theological terms.

• Anita Stansfield is a relatively edgy LDS fiction writer who concentrates on chaste LDS romance novels. In some of her 25 books published since 1994 are themes like coping with cancer, domestic violence, rape, and adoption. Indeed, one historical fiction novel, though not explicitly LDS-themed, was rejected from Covenant Communications, and LDS publisher, for reference to an out-of-wedlock baby.

• Robison Wells is an emerging LDS humorist whose novels have met with great critical praise. His most recent works combine suspense and humor.

• Jack Weyland authored Charly, an early LDS fiction published in 1980. The story is romance between a BYU student and a non-member from New York. Weyland now has a trilogy of books based on the characters and has written other novels in his light-hearted humorous style. Charly was made into a movie released in 2002.

• David Wooley is an LDS fiction writer noted for his stories set in Book of Mormon and Old Testament settings.

Links to LDS publishers

• - Deseret Book is also a bookseller and has bios on many of the LDS fiction authors listed above.
• - Controversial Mormon-issues publisher that nonetheless prints some LDS fiction.

Links to LDS fiction writers

• - Mainstream author arguably part of the LDS fiction movement.

References

England, Eugene. in David J. Whittaker, ed., Mormon Americana: A Guide to Sources and Collections in the United States. (Provo, Utah: BYU Studies, 1995)